OpenClaw VPS Server Hardening

Seven-layer defense-in-depth strategy for OpenClaw agents on Hostinger VPS. Built around

Cloudflare Tunnel + Access as the primary access layer — port 18789 is never exposed to the internet.

The Strategy (Cloudflare-Based)

Internet → Cloudflare Edge
             ├── Cloudflare Access (identity check — blocked if unauthenticated)
             └── Cloudflare Tunnel (outbound-only from VPS)
                   └── localhost:18789 (OpenClaw — loopback only)
                         └── OpenClaw token auth (second factor)

Internet → port 2222 (SSH — key-only, fail2ban)
Internet → port 18789 ✗ (denied by UFW — invisible to port scan)

With Cloudflare active: the VPS has one open port (SSH). Everything else is invisible.

Quick Start

Step 1 — Deploy OpenClaw first

Use the openclaw-vps-deploy skill. Get the agent running before hardening.

Step 2 — Set up Cloudflare Tunnel + Access

Use the cloudflare-agent-tunnel skill. Verify the agent is accessible at https://agent.yourdomain.com before closing port 18789.

Step 3 — Run the hardening script

# Copy script to VPS
scp scripts/harden.sh root@SERVER_IP:/tmp/harden.sh

# Dry run first — see what will change
ssh root@SERVER_IP "bash /tmp/harden.sh --dry-run"

# Apply (opens new terminal first to test SSH on new port)
ssh root@SERVER_IP "bash /tmp/harden.sh --ssh-port 2222"

Step 4 — Test before closing old session

# In a NEW terminal — verify SSH works on new port BEFORE closing old session
ssh -p 2222 root@SERVER_IP "echo OK"

# If that works, close old session. If it fails, revert:
# ssh root@SERVER_IP "cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config.bak.YYYYMMDD /etc/ssh/sshd_config && systemctl reload sshd"

The Seven Layers

Layer 1 — UFW Firewall

• Default deny all inbound
• Allow only SSH on custom port (default: 2222)
• Deny 18789 explicitly (served via Cloudflare Tunnel — never public)
• Port 18789 invisible to internet port scans

Layer 2 — SSH Hardening

• Move SSH off port 22 (eliminates automated scanner noise)
• Disable root login (PermitRootLogin no)
• Key-only auth (PasswordAuthentication no)
• Max 3 auth attempts, 30s login grace period
• Auto-disconnect idle sessions after 10 minutes

Layer 3 — Fail2Ban

• Protects SSH: 3 failures = 24-hour ban
• DDoS variant: 10 attempts in 60s = 1-hour ban
• With Cloudflare handling app layer, no custom OpenClaw filter needed

Layer 4 — OpenClaw Loopback Binding

• Change gateway.bind from "lan" to "loopback"
• OpenClaw listens only on 127.0.0.1 — unreachable from outside VPS
• Even if UFW rules are wrong, direct access is impossible

Layer 5 — Unattended Security Upgrades

• Auto-applies Ubuntu security patches
• No automatic reboots (manual reboot control)
• Patches CVEs without manual intervention

Layer 6 — File Permissions

• ~/.openclaw/ → mode 700
• openclaw.json, secrets.json → mode 600
• ~/.cloudflared/ → mode 700, credentials → mode 600
• SSH authorized_keys → mode 600

Layer 7 — Cloudflare Access (Identity Gate)

• Every request requires authentication before reaching VPS
• Supports Google SSO, email OTP, GitHub
• Per-agent policies (each subdomain has its own allowlist)
• Service tokens for native phone app connections (no browser flow required)
• Free up to 50 users; $3/user/month Access-only beyond that

See references/cloudflare-access.md for full setup walkthrough including phone app service token configuration.

Cloudflare Access for Native Phone Apps

For a native mobile app connecting directly to agents without browser-based login:

1. Create a Service Token in Zero Trust → Access → Service Auth
2. App sends two headers on every request:

```

CF-Access-Client-Id: .access

CF-Access-Client-Secret:

```

1. No browser redirect, no JWT expiry — token is permanent until rotated
2. One service token per app, revoke if compromised

See references/cloudflare-access.md → Phone App Integration for full details.

Script Options

bash harden.sh [options]

--ssh-port 2222        SSH port to open (default: 2222)
--openclaw-user koda   Service user for OpenClaw (default: koda)
--openclaw-dir /path   OpenClaw config directory (default: /root/.openclaw)
--dry-run              Print changes without applying
--skip-ufw             Skip UFW configuration
--skip-ssh             Skip SSH hardening
--skip-fail2ban        Skip Fail2Ban installation
--skip-upgrades        Skip unattended upgrades

Order of Operations (Critical)

Wrong order = lockout. Always:

1. ✅ Deploy OpenClaw (openclaw-vps-deploy)
2. ✅ Set up Cloudflare Tunnel + verify HTTPS access works
3. ✅ Dry-run harden.sh
4. ✅ Apply harden.sh
5. ✅ Test SSH on new port in new terminal
6. ✅ Verify agent still accessible via Cloudflare URL
7. ✅ Close old terminal

Threat Model

See references/threat-model.md for full attack surface analysis, what each layer defends against, and residual risks.

Security posture after hardening: A-

One open port (SSH). Agents invisible to port scan. Identity gate on every connection. TLS everywhere. Brute-force protection. Auto-patched OS.